In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class, and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.

For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work.

The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.

21.Which of the following is true of the first paragraph?

A . Democratic ideas started with education.

B . Federalists were opposed to education.

C . New education helped confirm people’s social status.

D . Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.

22.The difference between “gentleman-in-waiting” and “journeyman” is that

A . Education trained gentleman-in-waiting to climb higher ladders.

B . Journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to them.

C . Gentle-to-waiting belonged to fixed and high social class.

D . Journeyman could do practically nothing without education.

23.According to the second paragraph, land-grant college

A . belonged to the land-owning class.

B . enlarged the scope of education.

C . was provided only to the poor.

D . benefited all but the upper class.

24.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”?

A . Manners. B . Education. C . Moral. D . Personality.

25.The best title for the passage is

A . Education and Progress.

B . Old and New Social Norms.

C . New Education: Opportunities for More.

D . Demerits of Hierarchical Society.

Text 2

Eating right to prevent heart disease may seem complicated and confusing, but it's a breeze compared with trying to design an anticancer diet. Cardiovascular disease is relatively simple; it's the result of normal bodily processes taken to the extreme. Cancer, by contrast, involves changes in the programming of DNA within the nuclei of individual cells. Beyond that, heart disease is an illness that affects a single organ system, while cancer is dozens of different disea­ses that target body parts as radically different as the brain, breast and bone.
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